Actively revealing card attack on card-based protocols

Abstract In 1989, den Boer presented the first card-based protocol, called “five-card trick,” that securely computes AND function using a deck of physical cards via series actions such as shuffling and turning over cards. This protocol enables couple to confirm their mutual love without revealing individual feelings. During secure computation it is important keep any information about inputs secret. Almost all existing protocols are under assumption players participating in semi-honest or covert, i.e., they do not deviate from if there chance will be caught when cheating. this paper, we consider more malicious attack which player an active adversary can reveal illegally hesitation. Against actively card attack, define t -secureness, meaning no leaks even at most revealed illegally. We then actually design -secure protocols. Thus, our contribution construction formal framework handle attacks well countermeasures.